Bulgaria's history is rich in cultural, political and social developments that make the country what it is today. From the ancient Thracians to the modern Republic of Bulgaria, the country has experienced a multifaceted history marked by conquest, cultural flourishing, political upheaval and resistance.

Ancient and Thracian Civilization: The Roots of Bulgaria

The origins of Bulgaria date back to the time of the Thracian civilization. The Thracians, an ancient tribe, settled in the region as early as the 6th millennium BC. BC and had a lasting impact on the culture and history of the country. Archaeological finds, including the magnificent Thracian gold treasures, testify to a highly developed culture.

The Roman period: Thrace under Roman rule

In 45 AD, the area that is now Bulgaria became part of the Roman Empire. Under Roman rule, the region experienced a period of prosperity coupled with advanced infrastructure. Cities such as Serdica (modern-day Sofia) and Philippopolis (modern-day Plovdiv) flourished as important commercial centers and cultural hubs.

The Slavs and the founding of the First Bulgarian Empire

In the 7th century, Slavic tribes began to populate the area and, together with the already resident Thracians and Roman populations, formed the basis for the Slavic-speaking population of Bulgaria. Under the leadership of Khan Asparuh, the First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 AD, which is considered the birth of the Bulgarian state.

The heyday of the First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantine influence

Under Khan Krum (803-814) and Khan Omurtag (814-831), the First Bulgarian Empire reached a phase of political and cultural prosperity. However, relations with the Byzantine Empire were characterized by conflicts and alliances. Under Boris I, Christianity was declared the state religion in 865 AD, which established Bulgaria's close ties to the Orthodox Church.

The Mongols and the Second Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire experienced the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, which led to its collapse. The Second Bulgarian Empire was founded in 1185 and experienced a period of territorial expansion. Under Tsar Ivan Assen II, the empire reached its cultural peak in the 13th century. Nevertheless, it was threatened by internal conflicts and attacks by the Mongols and Ottomans.

The Ottoman Rule: Five Centuries Under Foreign Rule

The decisive Battle of Varna in 1444 failed to stop Ottoman expansion. In 1396, Bulgaria became part of the Ottoman Empire, and the country remained under Ottoman rule for five centuries. This time was characterized by economic exploitation, religious oppression and the population's resistance to foreign rule.

The National Rebirth: Struggle for Independence

The 18th and 19th centuries marked the period of Bulgaria's National Revival. During this era, the Bulgarian intelligentsia fought for the preservation of national identity, the revival of the Bulgarian language and the struggle for independence. The Bulgarian Church played a crucial role in preserving national culture.

Liberation and Modern Bulgaria

Independence was finally achieved in April 1909 after the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878. Modern Bulgaria came into being as a principality, and in 1908 Ferdinand I was crowned Tsar. In the following decades, the political landscape was characterized by political upheavals, two world wars and finally the establishment of the socialist state under communist rule.

The transition and the Republic of Bulgaria

The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries marked another turning point in Bulgaria's history. The fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of communism led to political, economic and social changes. In 2007, Bulgaria joined the European Union and the country experienced a period of economic transformation and modernization.

The diversity of Bulgaria today: Cultural heritage and future prospects

Today Bulgaria is a country of impressive diversity, shaped by its rich history. The cultural heritage, from the Thracians through the Byzantine period to the National Revival, is alive in the historical sites, traditions and customs. The Republic of Bulgaria strives for positive development and remains a fascinating example of the combination of history and modernity in Southeastern Europe.